Hi Jack
Sorry for the dealy in response, but I have been away at the MVP Summit in Seattle, without my computer.
The formula breaks down as follows.
The highest value it could be is 75, when A1 = 26.75
If A1<26.75, then the value need to be 45, which is 30 lower than 75
(A1<26.75) will either return True or False. When Multiplied by a number, the True is coerced to 1, and the False is coerced to 0
If it is True, then (A1<26.75)*30 equals 1 * 30 and this value will be taken from 75 to give a result of 45
If it is False then (A1<26.75)*30 will result in 0 * 30, hence the value will stay at 75.
Continuing on, the test for whether the value is <20, will return similar true or false results, and multiplying the result * 5, will give the further deduction to end up with 40. I chose 20 arbitraly as a value which was above 18 and 17.5. You could have used <=18.
This works because a value of 17.5, for example, is both less than 26.75, therefore 30 is deducted, AND is less than 20, so a further 5 is deducted.
There are many instances where you can use this logic in place of IF statements.
Hope the expalantion helps.